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1.形式主語

形式主語通常是指it做形式主語的情況。在翻譯時(shí)，我們一般都將其處理為固定詞組，置于句首。形式主語分為以下兩種：

⑴It is+v-ed that

①It is said that....，譯為：據(jù)說...;②It is reported that....據(jù)報(bào)道....;③It is estimated that...據(jù)估計(jì)....;④

It is suggested that...據(jù)建議....;⑤It must be admitted that…必須承認(rèn)...;⑥It should be realized that....應(yīng)該意識到...;⑦

It can be found that...可以發(fā)現(xiàn)...;⑧It is agreed that...大家一致認(rèn)為....;⑨It can not be denied that….不能否認(rèn)...;⑩It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…毫不夸張的說....

⑵It is +adj that

It is clear/certain/natural/necessary that… ...是很明顯/很肯定的/很自然/很有必要的。例如：

①It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.奇怪的是，她并沒有看到自己的缺點(diǎn)。②In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall". 在應(yīng)對如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，可以毫不夸張的說“團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。”

2.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的某一個(gè)成分，所以要將這一成分倒裝到句子之前。那么在翻譯的時(shí)候我們要先將倒裝句還原成正常語序，然后按照正常語序進(jìn)行翻譯。例如：

Never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations.這個(gè)句子明顯的是一個(gè)倒裝句，never before位于句首采用部分倒裝，所以將謂語放在主語之前，還原成正常語序就是： It has never before served so much to connect different peoples and nations.翻譯成中文就是：它從來沒有連接過那么多不同的民族或國家。

3.并列結(jié)構(gòu)

并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指將句子中不同的成分，運(yùn)用連接詞把它們并列起來的結(jié)構(gòu)。最常見的連接詞是 and, or, but, 還有并列結(jié)構(gòu)：whether…or…;either…or…;both…and…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…在翻譯的時(shí)候，我們通常就按照句子的正常語序進(jìn)行翻譯。例如：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.這句話按照原文的語序可以翻譯為：關(guān)于方法論指的是歷史研究中的特有概念，還是適合于歷史調(diào)查不同分支的研究方法，大家并未達(dá)成一致意見。