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Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (1) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.

Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (2) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.

The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment.

Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (3) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.

Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (4) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (5) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.

Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

答案

1.其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對(duì)此的理解：心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的，歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化，社會(huì)學(xué)則從社會(huì)環(huán)境的角度來(lái)解釋人們的行為。

2.第一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，價(jià)格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，解釋在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個(gè)別價(jià)格、工資率、利潤(rùn)空間和租金的變化。

3.因?yàn)椋�按照凱恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會(huì)增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴(kuò)大投資或政府增加開(kāi)支，繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。

4.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財(cái)富、財(cái)產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問(wèn)題，兩人都對(duì)商業(yè)持有偏見(jiàn)，認(rèn)為靠生意來(lái)謀生是不足取的。

5.在中世紀(jì)，羅馬天主教會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中，教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為，并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。

總體分析

本文主要介紹了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究發(fā)展歷史。

第一段：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的定義及研究對(duì)象。

第二、三段：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的兩大領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。

第四、五段：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的古代和現(xiàn)代理論。

試題精解

1.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：并列分句、后置定語(yǔ)。

該句子中冒號(hào)后是并列的三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。第一個(gè)分句中how引導(dǎo)的從句做explain的賓語(yǔ);第二個(gè)和第三個(gè)分句中都有介詞in的短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)提前。

詞匯方面：contribute to意為“是……的原因;增進(jìn)，有助于”;knowledge意為“知識(shí);知曉，了解”，文中活譯為“對(duì)…的理解”。

2.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)。

句子的主干是The first explains how…。主語(yǔ)后的名詞短語(yǔ)price theory or microeconomics是其同位語(yǔ)，因此翻譯the first時(shí)，應(yīng)增譯為“第一個(gè)領(lǐng)域”。how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，其主干是the interplay … creates …。介詞短語(yǔ)in competitive markets做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)前置。

詞匯方面：interplay意為“相互影響”;a multitude of意為“許多的，大量的”;individual意為“個(gè)別的，單獨(dú)的， 個(gè)人的”;margin意為“(時(shí)間、空間、金錢(qián)的)余地”，profit margin指“利潤(rùn)空間”。

3.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。

該句是包含原因狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句,句子主干是the indicated cure is…,表語(yǔ)由并列連詞either … or…連接。

詞匯方面：indicated是過(guò)去分詞用做形容詞，動(dòng)詞indicate意為“表明，暗示，提及，建議”，根據(jù)上下文indicated譯為“建議的”。more investment，more spending和larger budget deficits是形容詞比較級(jí)加名詞，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞加名詞的搭配，即“擴(kuò)大投資”、“增加開(kāi)支”和“增加預(yù)算赤字”。

4.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：定語(yǔ)從句、分詞做狀語(yǔ)。

主句是Aristotle and … wrote about problems …，后面接有both of whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，采用拆譯法單獨(dú)成句。句子最后的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)feeling that …在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)也應(yīng)單獨(dú)成句，that后引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，做feeling的賓語(yǔ)。
詞匯方面：be prejudiced against意為“對(duì)…有偏見(jiàn)”，undesirable意為“不想要的，不得人心的”。

5.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作后置定語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句。

該句含有which引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句做定語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)拆開(kāi)單獨(dú)成句，并重復(fù)先行詞，做從句的主語(yǔ)。

詞匯方面：condemn意為“譴責(zé)”，taking of interest是動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，可增譯為“獲利的行為”。