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點擊下載：英語一真題（Word版）

2020年研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試試題(英語一)

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.

The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.

Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.

Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.

1. A In B Towards C On D Till

2. A match B express C satisfy D influence

3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern

4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed

5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled

6. A under B at C for D by

7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid

8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially

9. A Unless B Since C If D While

10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative

11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow

12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to

13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate

14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all

15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern

16. A made B served C saved D used

17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general

18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully

19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition

20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end up

解析：

今年完形填空的難度較前兩年略難，雖然話題不難理解，但不易把握上下文的線索。需要對文章內(nèi)容有全面和精準(zhǔn)的把握才能做好。主要內(nèi)容講的是雖然烤肉之類的食品是會對健康帶來危害，我們對這些健康方面的危言聳聽也不可過度恐慌。屬于比較生活的話題。下面我們一起來看一下答案及解析。

1.【答案】C On

【解析】此處考察介詞詞義辨析。On a cold winter's day意思是在一個寒冷冬日。介詞on后加具體的某一天;in后加一段時間，例如in winter，in 2002;toward表方向，不與時間搭配;till意思是直到，例如till tomorrow，till next week，與句意不符。故正確答案為on。

2.【答案】A match

【解析】此處考察動詞詞義辨析。文章的首段首句提到：即使家庭成員不太可能經(jīng)常坐下來一起吃飯，但數(shù)百萬英國人將在這個周末參加這個國家最偉大的傳統(tǒng)活動之一：星期日烤肉。On a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. 在一個寒冷的冬日，很少有什么樂趣與之匹配。match 匹配。express表達。satisfy滿足，滿意;確信;符合。influence影響。

3.【答案】B enjoyment

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。上文說到星期日烤肉是一項開心的活動。后文Yet進行語義轉(zhuǎn)折：然而正如現(xiàn)在報道的那樣，食品衛(wèi)生部門認為這種 3 會導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂 4 損害我們的健康。enjoyment樂趣與上文pleasures和下文another pleasures互為關(guān)聯(lián)信息。patience耐心，耐性。surprise驚喜。concern關(guān)心。

4.【答案】D guaranteed

【解析】 此處考察非謂語動詞做后置定語的用法。空格所在句指出：這種快樂會導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂 4 損害我們的健康。 guaranteed有保證的，一定的，填入空格處意為：這種快樂會導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂，肯定會損害我們的健康。 intensified增強，加劇; privileged享有特權(quán)，專用，特許;compelled強迫。

5.【答案】A issued

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning... 食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理局 一項公開的警告... issued發(fā)表，發(fā)布，發(fā)出;received接收，接到; ignored忽視，忽略;canceled取消。issued a public warning發(fā)出一項公開的警告符合文意。

6.【答案】B at

【解析】此處考察介詞辨析。in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. under在...下面;for為了;因為;對于; by在…旁邊; 通過; 由于; 經(jīng)過。

7.【答案】D avoid

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。7空句首this mean代詞this指代上文高溫炙烤的食物里會有化學(xué)復(fù)合物有害人體身體健康。所以下文提出建議人們應(yīng)該 7 炸土豆，不吃薄皮披薩并且...7空同時也與reject構(gòu)成語義并列的關(guān)系，故avoid正確。forget忘記;regret 后悔;finish完成。

8.【答案】A partially

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語境。...and only__8__ toast their bread. 8空前文說到建議人們不吃炸土豆，薄皮披薩或者只是 8 烤面包。partially部分地，偶爾地;regularly有規(guī)律地; easily 容易地;initially最初地。故A選項正確。

9.【答案】D While

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系+邏輯連接詞辨析。 __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，但是沒有 10 證據(jù)表明它會導(dǎo)致人類患癌癥。前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折/對比/讓步的邏輯關(guān)系，故選擇while表示雖然，盡管。Unless除非，表條件的邏輯關(guān)系;Since因為，表因果邏輯;If如果，表條件的邏輯關(guān)系。

10.【答案】C conclusive

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語境。 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，但是沒有 10 證據(jù)表明它會導(dǎo)致人類患癌癥。conclusive決定性的; 令人信服的; 確鑿的

secondary第二的，中等的;間接的; external外面的，外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外國的; negative消極的，否認的。

11.【答案】C likely

【解析】此處考察固定搭配。be likely to 可能。insufficient 不足的，不夠的;bound捆綁的，束縛的，有義務(wù)的;slow緩慢的。

12.【答案】A On the basis of

【解析】此處考察短語辨析+上下文邏輯。__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. 12 預(yù)防性原則，可以說遵循FSA的建議是 13 。 On the basis of以...為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)，按照;At the cost of以...為代價;In addition to除...之外; In contrast to與之相對，相反。

13.【答案】B advisable

【解析】此處考察形容詞詞義辨析。 根據(jù)預(yù)防性原則，可以說遵循FSA的建議是 13 。interesting有趣的; advisable明智的，可取的; urgent急迫的; fortunate僥幸的，幸運的。

14.【答案】D After all

【解析】考察邏輯關(guān)系。原文中上一句說“基于“預(yù)防原則”，可以認為最好遵循FSA的建議”。本句說“在有證據(jù)證明吸煙與癌癥之間的聯(lián)系之前，吸煙導(dǎo)致癌癥的傳言就已經(jīng)流傳多年了。結(jié)合選項分析，As usual像往常一樣，In particular尤其，特別，By definition根據(jù)定義，After all 畢竟，只有After all符合文意。

15.【答案】C connection

【解析】本題考察動賓搭配，結(jié)合語境和句子成分理解，這里的名詞放在prove“證明”后面，整體處在不定式中做主語補足語說明主語evidence，這里“證據(jù)”應(yīng)該是證明出來(吸煙和肺癌)有聯(lián)系的，故選擇connection。Resemblance相似，combination結(jié)合，pattern模式，均不符合。

16.【答案】B served

【解析】本題考察主謂搭配，此處為被動語態(tài)，和主語a piece of boiled beef 構(gòu)成實際上的“動賓關(guān)系”，句意“毫無疑問，一片煮熟的牛肉總能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一起__16__”。這里served up 表示“上菜，端上”正和文意。而其他選項made制作，saved節(jié)省，used使用，均不符合。

17.【答案】A To be fair

【解析】本題考察主謂搭配，上一句說“但是生命值得過下去嗎?”本句話說，“英FSA表示，它并沒有告訴人們....不吃烘焙食品”，可見后文并沒有對上文進行舉例(for instance)或總結(jié)(To be brief)或表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情(in general)，故，應(yīng)該選擇順承關(guān)系的To be fair。

18.【答案】B entirely

【解析】此處考察副詞的修飾關(guān)系。本句話句意為“英FSA表示，它并沒有告訴人們不吃烘焙食品__18__”。結(jié)合各選項分析：reluctantly不情愿地，entirely完全地，gradually逐漸地，carefully小心謹(jǐn)慎地，能跟前面的否定詞not呼應(yīng)使用表示一種部分否定的，只能是entirely才合適，not ...entirely表示“并未完全...”。

19.【答案】C campaign

【解析】本題考察主謂搭配。根據(jù)原文語境“然而，他們(FSA)的...有風(fēng)險給人一種‘勸誘式’保姆的感覺” ，答案campaign表示“(開展的)運動，活動”放在這里最合適。promise承諾，experience經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗，competition競爭，均不能體現(xiàn)本文中FSA所做行為的代稱。

20.【答案】D end up

【解析】考察動賓搭配，這里的句義是“持續(xù)不斷的健康威脅__20__卻沒有人在聽。”這里想強調(diào)太多的的對健康的恐慌的最終結(jié)果，只有“結(jié)束，以...告終”這個含義最符合，所以選擇end up， 而follow up跟蹤，堅持完成，pick up撿起，拾起，偶然學(xué)到，open up打開，開發(fā)，均不符合文義。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.

A. consolidate the town city ties in Britain

B. promote cooperation among Brain's towns

C. increase the economic strength of Brain's towns

D. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.

22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..

A.a sensible compromise

B.a self-deceiving attempt

C.an eye-catching bonus

D.an inaccessible target

23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______

A. endeavor to maintain its image

B. meets the aspiration of its people

C. brings its local arts to prominence

D. commits to its long-term growth

24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______

A. a contrasting case

B. a supporting example

C. a background story

D. a related topic

25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?

A. Skeptical B. Objective C. Favorable D. Critical

21 C increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns

這道題是細節(jié)題。題干問庫珀和她的同事們認為“文化之城”這一獎項可能會怎樣可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……” “赫爾之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它為赫爾帶來了2.2億歐元的投資和大量藝術(shù)作品。英國的城鎮(zhèn)，確實沒有被阻止申請，但他們通常缺乏資源來湊齊一點來擊敗他們更大的競爭對手。有人認為，“文化之城”獎可以成為一項年度活動，吸引資金并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會。所以能看出答案是C. 增強英國城鎮(zhèn)的經(jīng)濟實力。

22 B a self-deceiving attempt

該題是推斷題, 題干問:根據(jù)第二段，這一提議或許會被一些人認為是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能會把這個提議看作是一個噓聲，因為英國已經(jīng)不能再申請更有聲望的歐洲文化之都的稱號了……” 能看出來有些人是持反面態(tài)度的。很多人不認識boo，但是也能從后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在絕望地為英國退歐后的世界重塑形象之際，英國即將消失在一場無休止的自我慶祝熱潮之中. 接下來幾個反問句，能看出來是一種自我欺騙的嘗試，所以選擇B。

23 D commits to its long-term growth

該題也是細節(jié)題, 題干問:作者認為這個頭銜的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，這些頭銜真正成功的持有者，是那些除了為酒店帶來收入、帶來引人注目的藝術(shù)活動和一年的良好報道之外，還做了很多事情的人。它們轉(zhuǎn)變了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦脑竿?他們將城市的自我形象推向更大膽、更樂觀的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于鄉(xiāng)村的長期發(fā)展中，這個頭銜就會是成功的。

24 A. a contrasting case

這題是寫作目的題， 題干說：第3段提到格拉斯哥是為了展現(xiàn)什么。可以定位到第三段倒數(shù)第一句。可以看到前面有明顯的BUT， 知道和前面的意思成相反。“這個問題很難解決，需要高度的遠見卓識，也需要城市當(dāng)局、私營部門、社區(qū)團體和文化組織之間的合作。但這是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作為歐洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列復(fù)雜的因素之一，這些因素把這座城市變成了藝術(shù)、音樂和戲劇的力量，直到今天。”

25 D favourable

這題是作者態(tài)度題，問作者對于這個建議的態(tài)度。第一段是提出該建議。第二段是一些人認為這個建議有點吹噓。而只有最后一段能看出作者對此建議的態(tài)度，“一個“文化之城”不僅僅是藝術(shù)之城，而且要尊重一個城市的特色——幫助維持它的商業(yè)街，支持當(dāng)?shù)氐脑O(shè)施，最重要的是贊美它的人民，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為行動。”所以能看出是積極贊成的態(tài)度。

Text 2

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish

their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________

[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .

[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.

27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________

[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

[B] gone through an existential crisis.

[C] revived the publishing industry.

[D] financed researchers generously.

28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?

[A] Relieved.

[B] Puzzled.

[C] Concerned

[D] Encouraged.

29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________

[A]allow publishers some room to make money.

[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.

[D] free universities from financial burdens.

30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

[A] Trial subscription is offered.

[B] Labour triumphs over status.

[C] Costs are well controlled.

D] The few feed on the many.

26, 細節(jié)題 D its content acquisition cost nothing

根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科學(xué)家也免費進行同行評議的專門工作，因為它是獲得地位和生產(chǎn)科學(xué)知識的核心要素。正確選項D，acquisition原詞， for free替換選項中的，cost nothing.

27, 細節(jié)題 A thrived mainly on universities libraries

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段第一句話，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,該公司去年利潤超過4.9億英鎊 然而僅英國大學(xué)在2016年就花費了超過2.1億英鎊。正確選項A 主要依靠大學(xué)圖書館 為定位句的同意表達

28態(tài)度題 B concerned

根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， The success of Sci- Hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants這表明法律生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在其用戶中已經(jīng)失去了合法性，必須進行改造，以便為所有參與者服務(wù). 可見作者對于Sci- Hub的成功采取否定態(tài)度，正確選項B concerned擔(dān)憂，擔(dān)心。A relieved寬慰的，C puzzled困惑的屬錯誤選項， D encouraged鼓勵的，正反混淆

29推斷題 A allow publishers some room to make money

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取費用是未來出版商能夠獲利，A選項為同義替換。B render publishing much easier for scientists使發(fā)表對科學(xué)家來說容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大學(xué)擺脫財政負擔(dān)

30 細節(jié)題 D the few feed on the many

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.勞動力被免費提供，以換取地位的希望，而一些經(jīng)營市場的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤。 可知少部分作者免費勞動，大部分公司盈利，A選項為同義替換

Text 3

Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.

A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.

Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.

The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".

But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?

The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.

Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.

Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.

31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________

[A] help little to reduce gender bias.

[B] pose a threat to the state government.

[C] raise women's position in politics.

[D] greatly broaden career options.

32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?

[A] It has irritated private business owners.

[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,

[C] It may go against the Constitution.

[D] It will settle the prior controversies.

33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____

[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.

[B] the importance of constitutional guaranees.

[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.

[D] the needlessness of government interventions.

34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____

[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.

[B] the objection to female participation on boards.

[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.

[D] the growing tension between labor and management.

35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.

[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

31 態(tài)度題 A help little to reduce gender bias

縱觀全文，文章一直在論述該法案，在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助，由此可見作者對此法案采取否定態(tài)度，A help little to reduce gender bias對減少性別偏見沒什么幫助為同義替換的正確選項

32 細節(jié)題 C it may go against the constitution

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 California measures定位到原文第五段第二句，Because the California law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection" violate 違反憲法，選項C against替換violate為正確選項

33. 例證題 D the needlessness of government interventions

根據(jù)題干中catalyst替換到第7段，論點為上一句The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在沒有政府的情況下，公司董事會中的婦女人數(shù)一直在穩(wěn)步增加。可見D選項中the needlessness of government interventions政府干預(yù)的不必要性

34 細節(jié)題 C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board

根據(jù)Norway定位到倒數(shù)第三段第一句，要求將性別作為董事會成員的主要資格，必然會導(dǎo)致私營部門董事會減少。緊接著下文董事會成員的機會越來越多，卻沒有合格的女性來擔(dān)任董事會成員， 由此可見會有不合格的人進入董事會，正確選項C 不合格候選人進入董事會

35 推斷 B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最后一段可知，下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助。由此可知該政策并不可取，正確選項B可行性應(yīng)是決策的首要考慮因素

Text 4

Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax

on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.

The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.

These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.

In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.

France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____

[A] regulate digital services platforms.

[B] protect French companies' interests .

[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.

[D] curb the influence of advertising.

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____

[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.

[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.

[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.

[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.

38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____

[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.

[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.

[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.

[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.

39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____

[A] is being resisted by US companies.

[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.

[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.

[D] needs to in involve more countries.

40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?

[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions

[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax

[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals

[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy

36. 【C】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干直接定位到第一段第一句話 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;選項C中的“levy”和“tax”同義復(fù)現(xiàn);“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此C為正確答案，奇遇選項均未體現(xiàn)。

37.【A】may trigger countermeasures against France 推斷題。根據(jù)提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句話but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France(這已經(jīng)引起了巨大的反抗，…, 反過來也會導(dǎo)致針對法國的貿(mào)易制裁)和選項A相一致;其中選項中的“trigger”和原文的“lead to”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。其余選項均未體現(xiàn)。

38.【B】the current international tax system needs upgrading 細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段最后一句話 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他們都認為國際稅收體系并未跟上當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟形勢)。選項B目前的國際稅收體系需要升級是該句話的反義復(fù)現(xiàn)。其余選項均為體現(xiàn)。

39.【C】is faced with uncertain prospects 細節(jié)題。根據(jù)提干定位到第五段最后一句話”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system(對于國際稅收體系的未來充滿疑慮)”和選項C相一致。其中選項中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。

40【B】France leads the charge on digital tax 主旨題。題干中的title為標(biāo)題題的信息，所以此題考查的是文章的主旨大意。B 選項里的 tax是貫穿全文的主旨詞;而文章以法國對數(shù)字服務(wù)征稅為起點，全文描寫了包括法國在內(nèi)的其它國家對全球稅收系統(tǒng)的擔(dān)憂，因此選項B和文章的主旨相符合。剩余選項均選項未能體現(xiàn)文章關(guān)鍵詞和全文主旨。

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] Eye fixactions are brief

[B] Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude

[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact

[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated

[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers

[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.

In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:

41. ________________

We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.

42.________

Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.

43.________

With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.

44.________

When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.

45.________

In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.

41.答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

解析：本段第三句說了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最后一句也說：眼神接觸和微笑能signal availability and confidence發(fā)送可用性和自信的信號。都說明眼神接觸是個友善的社交信號。 因此選C。

42.答案：E

解析：本段第一句就出現(xiàn)了hormone 荷爾蒙，此外，本段中出現(xiàn)的oxytocin催產(chǎn)素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms自閉癥譜系癥狀等詞都說明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中還有explore探索，brain scanning 腦部掃描。所以選E

43. 答案：G

解析：本段第一句就說了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation眼神接觸根據(jù)不同情況會發(fā)出不同的訊息。下一句主干說在不利環(huán)境中，會與dominance支配or intimidation恫嚇有關(guān)聯(lián)。因此G為正確答案。

44.答案：A

解析 ：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地說到了These pauses typically occur at about three per second，通常每秒三次，充分說明很快，所以選A。

45. 答案：D

解析：第一句話中就有personality。在引用中轉(zhuǎn)折之后，but their brain reactions also differ人們腦部反應(yīng)不同，最后一句話更加明確說到高負能量的人更覺得被人直視令人不舒服。因此選D。

Part C Translation

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the　17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and　Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific　and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread　these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated　by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of　the heliocentric principle.

48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.

The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.

The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.

46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

由于文藝復(fù)興時期教會的教義和思維方式之間的差距被消除，中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代時期之間的差距得以彌合，導(dǎo)致了新的和未開發(fā)的知識領(lǐng)域。

47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.

每個啟示出現(xiàn)之前，當(dāng)時的許多思想家都采用更為古老的思維方式，包括地心說的觀點，該觀點認為地球是我們宇宙的中心。

48. Despite attempts by the Church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.

盡管教堂做出許多嘗試去壓制新一代的邏輯學(xué)家和理性主義者，但是更多對于宇宙是如何運作的探索正在以人們難以忽視的速度進行著。

49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.

正當(dāng)很多人致力于嘗試把推理和科學(xué)哲理融入到世界時，文藝復(fù)興結(jié)束了，而此時一個新的時代到來了。

50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's ‘Sapere aude’ or ’dare to know’.

這些探索知識并且理解已知信息的行為可以用拉丁文“Sapere aude”或英文“dare to know”描述。

【解析】

1. 本句主干為 the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged(中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代時期之間的差距得以彌合)

2. With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance做伴隨狀語，其中being eclipsed是with+賓語+賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分。

3. leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語。

【參考譯文】

由于文藝復(fù)興時期教會的教義和思維方式之間的差距被消除，中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代時期之間的差距得以彌合，導(dǎo)致了新的和未開發(fā)的知識領(lǐng)域。

47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.

【解析】

1. 本句主干為many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking(當(dāng)時的許多思想家都采用更為古老的思維方式) ，其中 at the time作后置定語修飾many thinkers 。

2. Before each of their revelations部分為時間狀語。

3. including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe，分詞作后置定語修飾ways of thinking，其中that后是同位語從句修飾限定view。

【參考譯文】在每個啟示之前，當(dāng)時的許多思想家都采用更為古老的思維方式，包括地心說的觀點，該觀點認為地球是我們宇宙的中心。

48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.

【解析】

1. 本句主干為more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made(更多對于宇宙是如何運作的探索正在進行著)，其中for后面是how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

2. Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists

做方式狀語，其中to suppress...作后置定語修飾attempts

3. that people could no longer ignore做定語從句修飾rate。

【參考譯文】

盡管教堂做出許多嘗試去壓制新一代的邏輯學(xué)家和理性主義者，但是更多對于宇宙是如何運作的探索正在以人們難以忽視的速度進行著。

49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for an Age of Reason.

【解析】

1. 本句主干為the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era. (文藝復(fù)興結(jié)束了，而此時一個新的時代到來了)，是兩個并列單句。

2. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world為時間狀語從句，as譯為“當(dāng).......什么時候”

(1) took on the duty，意思為“承擔(dān)責(zé)任”

(2) of后是介賓短語作后置定語修飾duty。

【參考譯文】

正當(dāng)很多人致力于嘗試把推理和科學(xué)哲理融入到世界時，文藝復(fù)興結(jié)束了，而此時一個新的理性時代到來了。

50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's‘Sapere aude’or‘dare to know’.

【解析】

1. 本句是一簡單句，主干的謂語動詞是were captured

2. to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew 部分是不定式作后置定語，修飾such actions，其中what information we already knew是 understand 的賓語從句。

【參考譯文】

試圖去尋求知識和理解我們已有信息這種行動由拉丁文詞語 ‘Sapere aude’ 或 ‘dare to know’來描述。

Section IV Writing

Part A

Directions: The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about100 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your name in the notice.

Notice

December 21, 2019

一段：To ensure that students from overseas have abundant extracurricular activities, I am writing to inform you of some relevant information with regard to the singing competition.

二段：This event will be held in the auditorium of our university on May 10, 2020, and it will start at 7 and end at 10 o’clock in the evening. At the opening ceremony, our headmaster will make clear that the purpose of the competition is to enrich the extracurricular activities of the students on campus. Participants will be from different majors in our university. Then is the time for the singing contest.

三段：We are looking forward to seeing you there. You will have memorable and happy time in this event.

The Student Union

Part B

52: Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:

1) Describe the picture briefly;

2) Interpret the implied meaning, and

3) Give your comments

解析：

2020年考研英語已經(jīng)結(jié)束啦，相信同學(xué)們在考場上看到考題會信心滿滿。因為從內(nèi)容上來講，今年的英語一大作文依然延續(xù)2019年的出題思路，考查了品質(zhì)類話題的圖畫作文，而不同的地方在于2019年是一幅圖，但今年卻是兩幅圖相反。從難度上來說，今年和去年持平，對于“習(xí)慣”的英語表達，相信大家都不陌生是“habit”。

寫作時，按照一般順序。第一段圖畫描述段，左圖是位女孩正在非常努力地做著學(xué)校作業(yè)，心里想著是“盡早完成才放心”，右圖是位男孩躺在沙發(fā)上也不看書，書桌上只有一本攤開的書和一支筆，心里卻想著“不到最后不動手”，這兩幅所反映的內(nèi)容正好相反，它所反映的寓意依然是合理自洽即可，小編認為兩者的不同在于習(xí)慣，女孩有很好的規(guī)劃能力并有效利用時間完成任務(wù)，而男孩則恰恰相反，空耗時間只待最后“速成”，結(jié)果自然不會理想，因而我們需要養(yǎng)成合理規(guī)劃時間的好習(xí)慣;第二段是寓意闡釋段，按照品質(zhì)類的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，即關(guān)鍵句和具體作用, 可以說scheduling有助于我們充分利用時間以達到學(xué)業(yè)乃至事業(yè)上的成功，還可以講acquire the habit of time management有助于我們克服拖延，做時間的主人;第三段是個人評論段，框架結(jié)構(gòu)是關(guān)鍵句+具體建議+結(jié)尾句，可以說我們需要加強人們對此種品質(zhì)的意識，希望人人都可以擁有這種美好的品質(zhì)。

另外，注意大作文的評分側(cè)重點。考研大綱指出：B節(jié)作文的評分側(cè)重點在于信息點的完整、內(nèi)容組織的連貫、語言的準(zhǔn)確性、語言的多樣性。字跡工整，少涂抹痕跡也很關(guān)鍵哦。

下面附加范文以供小可愛們參考。

范文：

4) From the first simple but compelling cartoon we can see that a young girl is making great efforts on her schoolwork with earnest expressions, which successfully captures our eyes. On the contrary, what is differently delineated in the second photo is that a lazy boy is not reading but lying on the sofa with an unfold book and a pen on the book desk. Apparently, by the contrast of these two pictures, the explicit implication emerges in front of us that the power of good habits should be attached great importance to.

5) Various functions, as a matter of fact, are behind this quality illustrated in this picture out as far as I know the following two matter enormously. To begin with, scheduling is the art of planning your activities so that you can achieve your goals and priorities in the time that you have available. When it's done effectively, it helps you understand what you can realistically achieve with your time and work steadily toward your personal and career goals; In addition, here is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally admitted that it takes time to change a habit, and procrastination is a habit that requires a little bit of effort to overcome. Task aversion, distractibility and impulsiveness are common types of procrastination. Moreover, they are the easiest to overcome if we acquire the habit of time management.

6) Based on the afore-said discussion, it is advisable for us to take steps to carry forward the quality. All in all, it is high time to strengthen people’s awareness in this aspect. Only in this way can we make the best of time managment and embrace a bright future.

一段：From the first simple but compelling cartoon we can see that a young girl is making great efforts on her schoolwork with earnest expressions, which successfully captures our eyes. On the contrary, what is differently delineated in the second photo is that a lazy boy is not reading but lying on the sofa with an unfold book and a pen on the book desk. Apparently, by the contrast of these two pictures, the explicit implication emerges in front of us that the power of good habits should be attached great importance to.二段：Various functions, as a matter of fact, are behind this quality illustrated in this picture out as far as I know the following two matter enormously. To begin with, scheduling is the art of planning your activities so that you can achieve your goals and priorities in the time that you have available. When it's done effectively, it helps you understand what you can realistically achieve with your time and work steadily toward your personal and career goals; In addition, here is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally admitted that it takes time to change a habit, and procrastination is a habit that requires a little bit of effort to overcome. Task aversion, distractibility and impulsiveness are common types of procrastination. And they are the easiest to overcome if we make a good schedule in advance.三段：Based on the afore-said discussion, it is advisable for us to take steps to carry forward the quality. All in all, it is high time to strengthen people’s awareness in this aspect. Only in this way can we make the best of reasonable scheduling and embrace a bright future.