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2007年碩士研究生入學考試英漢同聲傳譯專業試卷

I. 將下列短文譯成漢語(25分)

After 28 years of reform, China faces challenges of an unprecedented scale, complexity, and importance. China has already liberalized its markets, opened up to foreign trade and investment, and become a global economic powerhouse. Now its leaders and people must deal with popular dissatisfaction with local government, environmental degradation, scarce natural resources, an underdeveloped financial system, an inadequate health-care system, a restless rural population, urbanization on a massive scale, and increasing social inequality. Most of these problems, of course, have existed throughout the period of reform. What is different now is that the pace of change is accelerating while the ability of the state to manage that change is not keeping pace.

Solving any one of these problems by itself would be a formidable task. And the Chinese government today finds it harder than ever to attract, develop, and retain talent. Graduates from the country’s top universities, who once would have filled government posts, are instead choosing to take jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the structure of the country’s bureaucracy stifles initiative and promotes mediocrity. Worse, many officials, from the village to the central government, are corrupt, eroding the government’s effectiveness and feeding popular discontent.

Of all of China’s challenges, none is more critical — or more daunting — than that of nurturing a new generation of leaders who are skilled, honest, committed to public service, and accountable to the Chinese people as a whole.

II. 將下列文章譯成漢語 (50分)

The New Middle East

Just over two centuries since Napoleon’s arrival in Egypt heralded the advent of the modern Middle East — some 80 years after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, 50 years after the end of colonialism, and less than 20 years after the end of the Cold War — the American era in the Middle East, the fourth in the region’s modern history, has ended. Visions of a new, Europe-like region–peaceful, prosperous, democratic–will not be realized. Much more likely is the emergence of a new Middle East that will cause great harm to itself, the United States, and the world.

The modern Middle East was born in the late eighteenth century. For some historians, the signal event was the 1774 signing of the treaty that ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; a stronger case can be made for the importance of Napoleon’s relatively easy entry into Egypt in 1798, which showed Europeans that the region was ripe for conquest and prompted Arab and Muslim intellectuals to ask — as many continue to do today — why their civilization had fallen so far behind that of Christian Europe. Ottoman decline combined with European penetration into the region gave rise to the “Eastern Question,” regarding how to deal with the effects of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which various parties have tried to answer to their own advantage ever since.

The first era ended with World War I, the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of the Turkish republic, and the division of the spoils of war among the European victors. What ensued was an age of colonial rule, dominated by France and the United Kingdom. This second era ended some four decades later, after another world war had drained the Europeans of much of their strength, Arab nationalism had risen, and the two superpowers had begun to lock horns. “He who rules the Near East rules the world; and he who has interests in the world is bound to concern himself with the Near East,” wrote a historian, who correctly saw the 1956 Suez crisis as marking the end of the colonial era and the beginning of the Cold War era in the region.

III. 將下列短文譯成英語(25分)

中國特色社會主義社會是一個變革的社會，是一個開放的社會，是一個不斷發展和完善的社會。改革開放是決定中國命運的重大決策，要貫穿社會主義社會發展的全過程。只有堅持改革開放，才能不斷激發億萬人民的積極性和創造性，解放和發展生產力，永葆社會主義的生機與活力。

我們要堅定不移地推進經濟體制改革，建立和完善社會主義市場經濟體制，貫徹落實科學發展觀，促進國民經濟持續快速健康發展。同時，要積極推進政治體制改革、文化體制改革和社會管理體制改革，促進社會主義物質文明、政治文明、精神文明與和諧社會建設全面協調發展。

IV. 將下列文章譯成英語(50分)

在外國旅行，特別是美國，最不習慣的就是處處要付小費。說是小費，數目對于我這樣的中國土鱉來說可不算小，住旅館，每天早上要在枕頭放一兩個美元，給打掃房間的大姐;吃飯要把餐費的10%-20%給服務員;甚至連坐出租車也要額外給小費，其實很多出租車司機自己都是老板。我特別不能理解，干嗎不直接把價格提高，算小費除了麻煩，而且讓人有額外付出的感覺，特別像我這樣平時儉省慣了的人，在中國自己嗓子冒煙了都舍不得買瓶礦泉水，到了美國一伸手就得給人付出幾美元，還叫“小費”，簡直讓我心頭淌血。

小費大概得算上美國社會最重要的“潛規則”，對于酒店的門童、餐館的服務員，老板有意會付比較低的工資，小費成了他們主要的收入。我曾經非常困惑，主要依靠被服務對象事后的自覺，太脆弱了，假如有1/3的人不遵守，這個游戲就玩不下去了，拿吃飯來說，假如你堅持不付小費，別人也拿你沒辦法，大不了下次換個館子，以免服務員在你比薩餅里吐口水。

請教了很多人這種規則何以能維系下去，幾個美國人都說覺得付小費是很自然的事情，壓根沒考慮過這個問題。不過我聽說小費源于18世紀的英國倫敦。那時，當地酒店的餐桌上一般都擺著寫有“To Insure Promptness”(保證及時服務)的碗。顧客坐下后，只要將少量的零錢放入碗中，就會得到優先服務，服務的殷勤程度也和小費多少成正比。這一典型的賄賂行為被漸漸發揚光大，而且規范化、制度化，從事先付款，到誠信為本的事后付款，甚至如果你不付得體的小費，會受到道義的譴責――有一次希拉里沒給服務員付小費就被媒體批評:那些服務員收入不高，你不付小費他們怎么養家糊口呀?