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在考研英語(yǔ)中，閱讀的重要性和翻譯的難度大家都知道，有什么方法可以將這兩座大山一舉攻破呢?這就需要對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的掌握了。考研英語(yǔ)閱讀、翻譯等題型中多包含長(zhǎng)難句，對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的分析則決定了對(duì)閱讀的徹底理解。小編今天就給大家講講，怎么拿下長(zhǎng)難句這個(gè)磨人精。

►首先講講長(zhǎng)難句幾個(gè)拆分信號(hào)及拆分方法：

一、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句拆分信號(hào)：

1、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：比如，2個(gè)逗號(hào)形成插入語(yǔ)，破折號(hào)表示解釋說明，分號(hào)相當(dāng)于“and”表示并列;

2、連詞：并列句的并列連詞and、or、but、yet、for等，從句的從屬連詞which、that、when、how、if等;

3、介詞：介詞引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等修飾成分;

4、不定式符號(hào)to：不定式符號(hào)to引導(dǎo)不定式短語(yǔ)，在句子中除了可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等主干成分外，還可做定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等修飾成分;

5、分詞：分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，在句子中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)修飾成分。

下面我們就按照長(zhǎng)難句拆分原則，依照這些拆分信號(hào)，結(jié)合考研英語(yǔ)閱讀或翻譯真題中的長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一下吧!

1、{C}This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

(1)句子拆分

拆分點(diǎn)：從屬連詞、介詞、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

This trend began∥during the Second World War,∥when several governments came to the conclusion∥that the specific demands∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen∥in detail.

(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)

①找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);

②找連詞(when, that, that)

③前面沒有從屬連詞的動(dòng)詞即為主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

④確定主從句：

主句：This trend began during the Second World War;

從句：定語(yǔ)從句when several governments came to the conclusion修飾the Second World War，本從句嵌套著一個(gè)二級(jí)從句即同位語(yǔ)從句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修飾conclusion和一個(gè)三級(jí)從句that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。

(3)解析

during the Second World War介詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ);

when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail做定語(yǔ)修飾the Second World War;

that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位語(yǔ)從句修飾conclusion;

that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。

(4)本句的參考譯文

這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。

►其次，小編給大家總結(jié)了幾類長(zhǎng)難句總結(jié)及介紹：

一、大段的插入與或同位語(yǔ)

對(duì)于有很長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)的句子，其實(shí)是假老虎，本質(zhì)上是不難理解的，只不過學(xué)生很難把主謂的關(guān)系聯(lián)系起來，在閱讀的時(shí)候我們要先把句子主干找出來，先不用管插入語(yǔ)的，先從整體上去理解，然后在其基礎(chǔ)上再把插入語(yǔ)給充實(shí)進(jìn)去。

例：The Internet -- and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it -- is making access to scientific results a reality.

分析：在瀏覽該句時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)句子中出現(xiàn)了雙破折號(hào)，其中間的內(nèi)容and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it為插入語(yǔ)，瀏覽的時(shí)候先跳過。這樣就可以看到把主干The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality理解了。然后再把具體插入語(yǔ)給填充進(jìn)去就可以了。

譯文：網(wǎng)絡(luò)和一些贊助機(jī)構(gòu)正在施壓，他們質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)出版商通過限制人們的使用來從政府資助的科學(xué)研究中獲利，這使得科研果的擁有權(quán)(不被盜用)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)

二、語(yǔ)序調(diào)整或倒裝

在英語(yǔ)中通常會(huì)有倒裝，主要分兩種一種是語(yǔ)法要求必須要倒裝，比如：以here , there ,then , now , next引出的倒裝句;以表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)引出的倒裝句;以表示方位的副詞引出的倒裝句;否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首;only置于句首;as / though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時(shí)，即將were , had , should等詞提到句首。第二種是人為的倒裝，為了平衡句子的結(jié)構(gòu)或強(qiáng)調(diào)一些內(nèi)容，會(huì)對(duì)句子進(jìn)行句序調(diào)整。這樣就加大了理解難度，同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí)要注意按照正確的順序進(jìn)行翻譯。

例：Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

分析：原文中Odd though it sounds,此分句為倒裝句，是作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)“奇怪”這個(gè)現(xiàn)象，特意把odd移到前面，構(gòu)成了表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的提前。在翻譯的時(shí)候要按照正常的順序進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

譯文：盡管它聽起來很奇怪，宇宙膨脹說是在基礎(chǔ)粒子物理學(xué)中的一些公認(rèn)的觀點(diǎn)在科學(xué)上貌似可信的推論，并且很多天體物理學(xué)家在近十年中已經(jīng)相信這種理論是真實(shí)的。

三、修飾成分復(fù)雜

句子本不難，但是修飾成分多且長(zhǎng)。從句(定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)從句等)修飾;介詞短語(yǔ)修飾;不定式修飾。經(jīng)常是在同一個(gè)句子里既有從句又有介詞短語(yǔ)，且都不止一個(gè)。對(duì)于這種長(zhǎng)難句，同學(xué)們一定要注意抓住句子主干，先把主干給梳理清楚了，在此基礎(chǔ)上再進(jìn)行添枝加葉，這樣才能知道這句話在說什么內(nèi)容。

例：As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

分析：主語(yǔ)是the interaction and confrontation，謂語(yǔ)是transforms，伴隨狀語(yǔ)為As a discovery claim works its way through the community,定語(yǔ)為between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved，修飾主語(yǔ)the interaction and confrontation

譯文：隨著發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明通過科學(xué)界起作用，科學(xué)和技術(shù)涉及到的共有的互動(dòng)和沖突把個(gè)人的發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明轉(zhuǎn)化為科學(xué)界可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

長(zhǎng)難句這只紙老虎，你有信心打倒它了嗎?